William Wyler (1902-81), peerless movie director
par excellence. The occasion is being observed
by a blogathon hosted by The Movie Projector
June 24 - 29, in which many of my fellow
members in the Classic Movie Blog
members in the Classic Movie Blog
Association (CMBA) will be holding forth on
their favorite Wyler pictures. Go here for a
list of blogathon participants and links to
their individual posts as they go up.
For my part, in conjunction with The
Movie Projector's blogathon, I'm
republishing a series of five posts I
did on Wyler in 2010, one a day for
five of the six days of the blogathon.
Happy Birthday, Willy, and thanks
for the memories!
* * *
Thalberg called him "Worthless Willy." This surely makes William Wyler the only recipient of the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Award to have been publicly disparaged by the man the award was named for.
This was on Friday, and Wyler didn't make the deadline; he didn't even finish the book. Monday came, then Tuesday and Wednesday before he could even tell Thalberg what the book was about; he appears never to have done a written synopsis. It also appears that Thalberg was administering a test -- and Wyler flunked. In any case, Wyler -- young and unfocused -- never got another personal assignment, however trivial, from Thalberg. The "Worthless" moniker came along later, when Thalberg got wind of the teenager's arrests for reckless driving; Thalberg must have decided the kid would never amount to much.
If so, then Thalberg, who died at 37, lived just long enough to get an inkling of how wrong he was. Even by the time Thalberg left Universal in 1924 for the new-minted super-studio MGM, Worthless Willy had already amounted to an assistant director -- of sorts. On The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), Thalberg's pet project at Universal, Wyler was still just an errand boy, but now he was running errands for assistant directors Jack Sullivan and Jimmy Dugan, wrangling the picture's thousands of extras and getting his first chance to wield the coveted megaphone.
The anecdote of the German novel is a telling one. Wyler may have been a slow starter at Universal, and may have struck higher-ups -- and in those days nearly everybody at Universal was higher up than he was -- as a bad bet, but he was already showing a trait that would follow him all through his career: Willy Wyler didn't like to be hurried. In time, the "Worthless Willy" nickname would give way to another: "90-Take Wyler."
Bette Davis told a story about working with Wyler on Jezebel in the fall of 1937. Her first scene called for her to stride into her plantation home after dismounting from her horse and saucily slinging the long train of her riding outfit over her shoulder on her riding crop. At Wyler's request, Davis had practiced long with the crop and felt ready to nail the scene in one take. In fact, she thought she did, but Wyler disagreed. He ordered another take, and another, and another. After a dozen takes, Davis, who had rarely required more than two takes in her entire career so far, was exasperated. "What do you want me to do differently?"
"I'll know it when I see it."
Whatever it was, Wyler saw it on the forty-eighth take. "Okay, that's fine." And he called a wrap for the day.
Davis was furious, and demanded to see the rushes of the day's work. Wyler obliged. Davis no doubt was primed to fly into a self-righteous tirade: "What was wrong with that take...or that one...or that one?" But she never did. She walked into the screening room believing that she'd done the action exactly the same every single time, but now she saw that she hadn't. Each take was different, and the forty-eighth was the best.
That's how 90-Take Wyler operated, and in a way it wasn't all that different from Worthless Willy. He knew what he wanted, but he wasn't one of those directors -- not always, anyway -- who could get it from an actor with a few well-placed words. There's a famous story about how Wyler's friend John Huston, directing The African Queen, saved Katharine Hepburn from playing her character as a sour, prissy old-maid missionary (and probably saved the whole picture) by a simple, seemingly offhand remark comparing the character to Eleanor Roosevelt. Wyler didn't work that way. There are countless stories of Wyler ordering another take, saying things like "It stinks." "Do it again. Better."
Nonplussed, Heston said, "Okay. What can I do?"
"I don't know. I wish I did. If I knew, I'd tell you, and you'd do it, and that would be fine. But I don't know."
"That was very tough," Heston recalled. "I spent a long time with a glass of scotch in my hand after that."
Wyler, it seems, didn't always issue instructions like a recipe to his actors. But he knew what he wanted. And he knew that "I'll know it when I see it."
These anecdotes conjure an image of a director passively waiting for lightning to strike, and willing to spend any amount of time and his producer's money while he waited. What they don't suggest is the process his refusal to accept the merely adequate sparked in his actors and writers. On their first picture together, The Big Country, Heston took exception to some minor piece of Wyler's direction and wanted to discuss it. He didn't have his script handy, so he asked to borrow Wyler's.
Wyler always carried his script in a leather binder, with the titles of his movies engraved in gold inside the front cover; when he finished a picture, he'd take the script out, engrave that one's title on the cover and move on to the next. As Heston took Wyler's script, it flipped open to the inside cover and he saw the titles engraved there: Dodsworth, Dead End, Jezebel, Wuthering Heights, The Letter, The Westerner, The Little Foxes, Mrs. Miniver, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Heiress, Detective Story, Roman Holiday...
As Heston stared, Wyler grew impatient. "What is it, Chuck? What's on your mind?"
Heston closed the script and handed it back. "Never mind, Willy. It's not important."
Wyler began directing on two- and five-reel westerns at Universal, where they didn't want it good, they wanted it Thursday afternoon. The formulas were simple and unsubtle, and the movies had to move. Wyler showed, in now-forgotten titles like Ridin' for Love, Gun Justice and Straight Shootin', that he could turn it in Thursday afternoon and good. As the importance of his assignments increased, he drew on his bosses' memory of how right he had gotten things before -- under the gun, with the front office relentlessly beancounting -- to take more time and money to get it exactly right this time. And as his reputation grew (and stayed with him nearly to the end) as a man who couldn't make a flop, the people who worked with him tended more and more to take his word, like Heston on The Big Country and Ben-Hur. If Willy thinks I can do better, he must be right, and it's up to me to figure out how.
Whatever the truth of these situations, the point is what conspicuous exceptions Simmons, Sidney and Chatterton are among the legions of actors who worked with Wyler. The tales of his calling take after take are recounted with affection, not exasperation -- not only by the Oscar winners, and not only years after wounded feelings have healed (Bette Davis got over her snit instantly). Wyler apparently never uttered the words "I know what I'm doing; trust me," but that seems to be the effect he had on people. Combined with a powerful personal charm, he exuded an atmosphere of serene confidence on the set that made people want to please him, even as they struggled through twenty, thirty takes or more trying to figure out what the hell he wanted them to do. Wyler's attitude was that they could do better; their response was to work all the harder to prove him right.
This is the intangible ingredient in Wyler's pictures, along with the ones we can identify and point to: the bravura or simply spot-on-genuine performances, the incisive writing, the striking cinematography (Wyler worked seven times with the great Gregg Toland, and they brought out the best in each other), the handsome production designs. If you want to find the "personal element" in Wyler's pictures, there it is: He had the confidence to take his time. In remarkably short order, thanks to luck as well as talent, he established a track record that allowed him to insist on it.
Gregory Peck nailed it exactly: "He was not one to talk a thing to death...What worked worked, and he knew how to recognize it...[N]ot all directors know how to do that. They pick the wrong take, or they're not open to what can happen on the spur of the moment. Willy had a special sensitivity to that. He sensed the interplay between actors...This was 'the Wyler touch.' It's why so many actors won Oscars with Willy, because he recognized the moments that brought them alive on the screen."
I haven't even gotten around to talking about Sam Goldwyn, have I? Next time, then; that testy, fruitful relationship deserves a post all to itself.
4 comments:
Jim, another story about Bette and Wyler. When they first started working together and he wasn't giving her any feedback she said something like: You know, Mr. Wyler, I've come accustomed to a director making some sort of comment about my work. And for a very brief time after she said this he started ending every take with "Fabulous work, Ms. Davis, let's do it again" and "Tremendous, Ms. Davis, how about another one?" Davis got the point and then asked him to go back to the way things were before. True story.
Great story, Kim! Thanks for sharing it.
Really enjoying this series. Wyler and his "48 takes" are legendary, but you can't argue with the results.
Jim, some well-chosen anecdotes here that give insight into Wyler's working methods with his actors. I always get the impression with his films that other elements--the set design, the photography, the staging of scenes--were largely worked out, at least in his mind, in advance. I know from what I've read, on the other hand, that he often adjusted the scripts as he shot when he sensed that a scene or dialogue wasn't working or could be strengthened for more impact. This semi-improvisation seemed to apply also to his methods with actors.
It occurs to me that he might also have realized that when actors are worn down from doing numerous takes, their performances become less studied and "actorly" and give the impression of being more spontaneous. Whatever his motivation, there's no denying that he consistently got impressive performances from his actors. That so many actors worked with him more than once shows they must have recognized his instinct for quality in performance, no matter how arduous it was satisfying him.
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